Reflective Wave Phenomenon
Voltage wave reflection is a function of the voltage rise time (dV/dt) and the length of the motor cables.
The impedance on either end of the cable run does not match, causing voltage pulses to be reflected back in the direction from which it arrived. As these reflected waves encounter other waves, their values add, causing higher peak voltage. As wire length or carrier frequency increases, the overshoot peak voltage also increases.
Peak Voltages on a 460 V system can reach 1200 to 1600 V, causing rapid breakdown of motor insulation, leading to motor failure. On 575 V systems, the peak voltages can easily reach 2100 V. If this is left uncontrolled, insulation failure may occur.
Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) power supplies and Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs) are typically used to improve energy efficiency. However, a major drawback to using PWM power sources and VFDs is that the output is a square wave form, which can cause major motor damage. Critical applications such as HVAC systems and oil field duty require a more sinusoidal output waveform, eliminating these economical and efficient solutions.